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Cosmolabe:
The cosmolabe was an ancient astronomical instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies. It is also called pantacosm. Jacques Besson also uses this name, or universal instrument, for his invention described in Le cosmolabe (1567), which could be used for astrometry, cartography, navigation, and surveying.


Dioptra:
A dioptra (sometimes also named dioptre or diopter from Greek: διόπτρα) is a classicalastronomical and surveying instrument, dating from the 3rd century BCE. The dioptrawas a sighting tube or, alternatively, a rod with a sight at both ends, attached to a stand. If fitted with protractors, it could be used to measure angles.

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